Magnesium is said to figure as one of the greatest predictors of heart disease, and just about all of us are deficient. *
Magnesium plays a key role in more than 350 enzymes and is involved in virtually every metabolic process occurring in the body. As part of a new series, I have decided to focus on a half dozen or such dietary nutrients that play especially vital roles in the physiology of our bodies: magnesium, zinc, B2, 3, 6 and a few others TBD. This week: magnesium
Magnesium and cardiovascular health
It's not only cardiovascular health. The list of symptoms possibly or partly caused by inadequate magnesium stores is quite long-- and I'll post below. But studies have suggested an association between low serum magnesium levels and cardiovascular disease. Low magnesium intake has also been associated with future risk of hypertension and stroke. Furthermore, numerous studies have shown that low serum magnesium is associated with vascular calcification, but there have been no studies examining a relationship to coronary artery calcification.
In a study published in Nutrition, Metabolism & Cardiovascular Diseases, researchers analyzed 34,553 participants who underwent coronary multi-detector computed tomography and serum magnesium level measurement from 2010 to 2012 as part of a health examination program. According to the analysis, low serum magnesium was associated with coronary artery calcification after adjustment for age, sex, BMI, diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, systolic blood pressure, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, eGFR, serum calcium and phosphorus, hs-CRP, current smoking status, alcohol intake and vigorous exercise frequency.
Low serum magnesium was significantly associated with coronary artery calcification for those at low risk for developing cardiovascular disease. This association was significant after adjustment for various risk factors related to cardiovascular disease and was even withheld in groups without risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, and obesity.
Keep in mind that serum magnesium represents only 1% of magnesium stores. Magnesium is homeostatically controlled in the serum, and measuring serum magnesium levels is not considered to be all that useful. By the time an individual’s serum magnesium reads low, s/he is already likely to be deficient, as the body is then showing an inability to maintain the serum levels. Functional medicine, integrative, and other forward looking clinician folks have been measuring magnesium levels within red blood cells (RBC magnesium) for a while now (which many labs now offer), but my new favorite actually measures magnesium levels within tissues-- via kind of a buccal (inner cheek) swab. This might be the most accurate way of all.
For years and years I watched as my father, thinking he was doing something good for himself, downed calcium supplement after calcium supplement. He insisted on drinking milk daily (fat free, no less!)-- “for my bones.” What neither he nor I really appreciated at the time, though, was that it was really the magnesium (and the vitamin K) that he (and we) should have been watching.
As the food in our supermarkets becomes less and less connected to the earth, and our soils depleted, it is said to be more and more difficult to get adequate magnesium from diet alone-- and that if you could take only one supplement, magnesium is probably #1 or #2 on the list.
In a fantastic presentation from one of the major supplement companies, the speaker noted that not only we use and thus need more magnesium during periods of high stress but that low magnesium should be suspected or at least investigated in all of the following conditions: headaches, hypertension, arrhythmias, muscle cramps, chronic fatigue, constipation, poor glucose control, anxiety, insomnia, depression, ADHD, tinnitus, PMS, bruxism (teeth grinding), upper body paresthesias, tics and tremors.
In advanced industrialized countries generally, dietary calcium-to-magnesium ratios continue to increase, most likely because folks are making the mistake my father made. But there is more and more evidence that supplementing with calcium without balancing it with magnesium actually contributes to an increase in the risk of heart disease.
Magnesium is also a big player in mood and muscles (twitching, tightness)-- not to mention PMS and TMJ. One of my absolute fave integrative physicians, Dr. James Greenblatt in Waltham, MA, explains that during periods of heightened stress our bodies' magnesium needs increase (mostly to process the neurotransmitters involved in the stress response-- this circles back to its role in over 350 enzymatic processes in the body), and kind of paradoxically (or malevolently), as our magnesium stores decline we are less able to respond to the stressors. Kind of a vicious cycle.
If you're supplementing with a citrate, glycinate/bis-glycinate, threonate or malate product, most folks agree that 200 mg twice daily for women and 300 mg twice daily for men is kind of where you want to be-- at least for the first three months or so while you are working on replenishing deficient intracellular stores. If you can only afford magnesium oxide, you'll need to nearly double those doses since it's so poorly absorbed.
I'm curious to try the Standard Process plant-based magnesium product, E-Z Mag, as their research shows that it's much better absorbed. Also because of its natural derivation, it contains a broad mix of different magnesium chelates. I might also send some to Mom. With her super sensitive GI system, she struggles to take most supplements. Maybe a food grade magnesium will work for her. I will definitely report back.
